![]() ![]() In these, an antibody or antibody mimetic is used to capture relevant biomarkers in the sample, and in general, each antibody–biomarker interaction contributes a small amount to the accumulated assay signal. The currently employed clinical diagnostic assays are generally based on ensemble-averaging immunoassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Ideally, a diagnostic assay should be able to detect the presence of few biomarkers in a small volume of a complex clinical sample. This presents considerable technological challenges as the relevant biomarkers are often present at very small concentrations. Rapid and low-cost detection of disease biomarkers is becoming increasingly important in modern healthcare where a growing focus is placed on early diagnosis 1, 2, 3, 4.
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